Beyond THC vs CBD
Are you curious about the true potential of cannabis as a therapeutic agent? While most people are familiar with the psychoactive compound THC and the non-intoxicating compound CBD, there is so much more to this incredible plant than meets the eye.
Cannabis contains a plethora of lesser-known compounds, including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, each with its own unique therapeutic properties waiting to be explored.
We are going to take a closer look at the full therapeutic effect of cannabis beyond THC and CBD. We’ll delve into the various compounds found in cannabis, their potential therapeutic benefits, and how they work together synergistically to produce what is known as the “Entourage Effect”.
You’ll learn why CBD can be an effective antidote to the negative side effects of THC, and how THC and CBD complement each other when it comes to pain management and so much else.
By the end of this article, you’ll have a deeper understanding of the true potential of cannabis as a therapeutic agent, and the many ways in which it can help promote health and well-being. So join me on this journey of discovery, and let’s explore the wonders of cannabis together.
Cannabinoids: Beyond THC and CBD
When it comes to cannabis, most people are familiar with THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol), but did you know that there are over 100 different cannabinoids found in the plant?
These compounds are responsible for the wide range of therapeutic effects that cannabis is known for, and they work together in a phenomenon known as the “Entourage Effect”.
Beyond THC and CBD, some of the other well-known cannabinoids include CBG (cannabigerol), CBC (cannabichromene), and CBN (cannabinol). Each of these cannabinoids has its own unique effects and potential therapeutic benefits.
Did you know that CBG is thought to have antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, while CBC is believed to have antidepressant and analgesic effects?
But it’s not just the individual cannabinoids that matter; it’s also the way they work together with each other and the other beneficial components within the cannabis plant.
Studies have shown that the Entourage Effect is a real phenomenon, where the combined effects of multiple cannabinoids, terpenes, and other compounds in cannabis can be more effective than any one compound alone.
This is because these compounds interact with each other in complex ways, producing a synergistic effect that can enhance the therapeutic benefits of cannabis. For example, CBD has been shown to mitigate some of the negative effects of THC, such as anxiety and paranoia. Meanwhile, the presence of THC may enhance the pain-relieving effects of CBD.
Understanding the role of cannabinoids in the Entourage Effect is crucial for unlocking the full potential of cannabis as a medicine. As research into these compounds continues, we may discover even more ways that they can work together to improve health and wellness.
The Entourage Effect: How Cannabis Compounds Work Together
Did you know that cannabis has been used for medicinal and recreational purposes for centuries? However, it wasn’t until recent years that scientists started to understand the complex chemistry behind its therapeutic benefits. The Entourage Effect is simply the synergistic relationship between the various compounds found in cannabis, which work together to produce maximum therapeutic effectiveness.
At the heart of the Entourage Effect are cannabinoids, the chemical compounds that interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system to produce a range of effects. The two most well-known cannabinoids are THC and CBD, but there are over a hundred others, each with their own unique properties.
When these cannabinoids are used naturally together, they produce a more profound effect than when used alone. For example, THC has been shown to reduce inflammation, but when combined with CBD, it produces an even more significant anti-inflammatory effect. And when you add the anti-inflammatory properties of flavonoids to the mix… you end up with an apothecary’s dream!
Another group of compounds that play a crucial role in the Entourage Effect are terpenes. Terpenes are found throughout the plant kingdom. They are the fragrant oils that give cannabis its distinctive aroma.
However, they also have therapeutic properties of their own. When combined with cannabinoids, they can produce a variety of effects, from reducing anxiety to promoting relaxation. For example, the terpene myrcene has been shown to enhance the sedative effects of THC, while limonene can elevate mood and relieve stress.
Flavonoids are another group of compounds that contribute to the Entourage Effect. Some help to produce pigmentation to give plants their bright colors. But, more importantly, they have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties among others.
When combined with cannabinoids and terpenes, they can enhance the overall therapeutic benefits of cannabis. Here are some encouraging facts, the flavonoid quercetin7 has been shown to have anti-cancer properties, while cannflavins have been shown to be 30 times more effective8 as an anti-inflammatory than aspirin.
The Entourage Effect is the result of the interaction between the various compounds found in cannabis. When used together, cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, as well as other elements of the plant, produce a range of therapeutic effects that are greater than the sum of their parts.
Understanding the Entourage Effect is essential for maximizing the therapeutic benefits of cannabis and developing new and more effective treatments.
Terpenes: Aroma and Therapeutic Benefits
When most people think of cannabis, they probably think of the pungent aroma that often accompanies it. That aroma comes from terpenes, which are organic compounds found in many plants, including cannabis. But terpenes are responsible for more than just the smell of cannabis. They also play a significant role in the plant’s therapeutic benefits.
Terpenes produce the different flavors and aromas of cannabis strains. For example, the terpene limonene is responsible for the citrusy aroma of some strains, while the terpene myrcene is responsible for the musky, earthy aroma of others. But terpenes are more than just about aroma – they also have specific therapeutic properties.
For instance, the terpene myrcene is known for its sedative properties9, making it useful for treating insomnia and anxiety. On the other hand, the terpene pinene is known for its anti-bacterial properties,10 making it useful for treating diverse bacterial infections.
Different terpenes have different effects, and when they are combined with other compounds in the cannabis plant, they can produce a wider range of therapeutic benefits.
One of the most exciting things about terpenes is the way they interact with other compounds in the cannabis plant, especially cannabinoids. Studies have shown that terpenes can modulate the effects of cannabinoids, making them more effective at lower doses.
This means that a combination of cannabinoids and terpenes can produce a greater therapeutic effect than either compound alone, another benefit of the Entourage Effect.
Terpenes are a crucial component of the therapeutic benefits of cannabis. They play a role in the aroma and flavor of different strains, but more importantly, they have their own therapeutic properties and work synergistically with other compounds in the plant to produce a wider range of therapeutic benefits.
So next time you smell cannabis, remember that those terpenes aren’t just responsible for the aroma – they’re also an important part of what makes the plant so effective for the potential to treat a variety of conditions.
Flavonoids: Colorful Compounds with Healing Properties
Flavonoids are compounds found in plants, including cannabis, some of which produce colorful pigmentation. These compounds are responsible for the vibrant hues of fruits and vegetables, and they also provide various health benefits. In cannabis, flavonoids work together with other compounds to enhance the therapeutic effects of the plant.
One example of a flavonoid found in cannabis is quercetin, which has been found to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.11 Quercetin can help reduce inflammation in the body, which is a common cause of pain and other health issues. Additionally, quercetin can help protect the body against free radicals, which can cause cell damage and lead to diseases such as cancer.12,13
Another flavonoid found in cannabis is kaempferol, which has been shown to have potential anti-cancer properties.14,15 Kaempferol has been found to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis (cell death) in certain types of cancer.
Additionally, kaempferol has been found to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties,-15 which can help reduce the risk of cancer and other chronic diseases.
Flavonoids are an important component of cannabis and can play a significant role in its therapeutic effects. Understanding the various flavonoids found in cannabis and their potential health benefits can help individuals make informed decisions about using cannabis for medicinal purposes.
It’s also worth noting that flavonoids are not unique to cannabis – they are found in many other plants as well. In fact, flavonoids are one of the largest and most widely distributed groups of phytochemicals in the plant kingdom.
So, if you’re looking to incorporate more flavonoids into your diet, be sure to include a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables in your meals.
CBD and THC: Complementary Roles in Pain Management
CBD and THC are two of the most well-known compounds found in the cannabis plant. While they have their own unique properties, research has shown that they work together synergistically to provide greater therapeutic benefits, particularly in pain management.
THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, is the compound responsible for the psychoactive effects associated with cannabis use. However, it also has analgesic properties16 that make it effective in treating pain. Studies have shown that THC can reduce pain by activating the CB1 receptors in the brain and nervous system.
CBD, or cannabidiol, on the other hand, is non-psychoactive and does not produce the same “high” as THC. It has been found to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties,17 making it useful in the treatment of pain and inflammation. CBD can also help to mitigate some of the negative side effects associated with THC use, such as anxiety and paranoia.
When used together, CBD and THC complement each other’s pain-relieving properties. The combination of these compounds has been found to be more effective in treating pain than either compound alone.
Additionally, CBD can help to reduce the psychoactive effects of THC, making it a more tolerable treatment option for those who may be sensitive to the mind-altering effects of THC.
[Side Note from Chronic RL: I just discovered that very high doses of CBD can exacerbate the psychoactive effects of THC. In a randomized clinical trial18 including 18 adult participants, each active trial members were given 20 mg of ∆-9 THC + 640 mg of CBD. The results were greater impairment of cognitive and psychomotor function, and greater increase in heart rate relative to 20 mg Δ9-THC alone and placebo.]
While THC and CBD have their own unique properties, they work together synergistically to provide more effective pain relief. Understanding the complementary roles of these compounds in pain management can help individuals make informed decisions about using cannabis as a therapeutic option.
Non-Intoxicating Cannabinoids: Therapeutic Potential and Benefits
When most people think of cannabis, they often associate it with the psychoactive effects of THC. However, there are many other cannabinoids found in the plant that don’t produce the same intoxicating effects.
These non-intoxicating cannabinoids, such as CBD, CBG, and CBN, have been gaining attention in the scientific community for their potential therapeutic benefits.
One of the most well-known non-intoxicating cannabinoids is CBD, which has been studied extensively for its ability to reduce anxiety, inflammation, and pain.19 CBD interacts with the body’s endocannabinoid system, which is responsible for regulating a variety of physiological processes such as sleep, mood, and appetite. By modulating the activity of this system, CBD may help to alleviate a range of symptoms and improve overall health.
Another non-intoxicating cannabinoid that has been the subject of research is CBG. Like CBD, CBG has shown promise in reducing inflammation and pain,20 as well as potentially having anti-cancer properties.21,22 Some studies have also suggested that CBG may have neuroprotective effects,23 making it a potential treatment for neurological disorders such as Huntington’s disease and multiple sclerosis.
In addition to CBD and CBG, there is also CBN, which is produced when THC is exposed to oxygen and light. Although it is not as well-studied as CBD and CBG, some research has suggested that CBN is touted by most sources and manufacturers to have a sedative effect.
We have uncovered mixed evidence of this effect from reputable sources. One source states that “there is insufficient published evidence to support sleep-related claims.” and “…use dosages significantly higher than those found in currently available cannabis products marketed for sleep.” And one source states that “CBN can be sedative, anticonvulsant in animal and human studies…” CBN may have anti-inflammatory properties, although we have only discovered sparse evidence of this.
While research on non-intoxicating cannabinoids is still in its early stages, the potential therapeutic benefits are exciting. These compounds may offer a way to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life without the psychoactive effects of THC. As more research is conducted, we may learn even more about the potential of non-intoxicating cannabinoids for a variety of health conditions.
Cannabis and Mental Health: An Overview of Current Research
Cannabis has been used for centuries to treat various ailments, including mental health conditions. However, scientific research on the effects of cannabis on mental health is still in its early stages, and many questions remain unanswered. Here is an overview of the current research on cannabis and mental health.
Studies have shown that cannabis can have both positive and negative effects on mental health. Some research suggests that cannabis use may help alleviate symptoms of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. However, other studies have found a link between cannabis use and increased risk of developing psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia.
One of the main active compounds in cannabis, THC, has been shown to have both therapeutic and psychoactive effects. THC can produce feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and pain relief, but it can also cause anxiety, paranoia, and other negative side effects.
CBD, another compound in cannabis, has been shown to have anti-anxiety and anti-psychotic properties, making it a potential treatment for mental health conditions.
Research on the use of cannabis for mental health conditions is ongoing, and scientists are still working to understand the complex relationship between cannabis and the brain. Factors such as the method of consumption, dosage, and frequency of use can all affect the impact of cannabis on mental health.
While there is promising research on the therapeutic potential of cannabis for mental health conditions, there is still much that is not understood. As with any treatment, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider before using cannabis for mental health concerns and to use it under medical supervision.
How to Choose the Right Cannabis Product for Your Needs
Choosing the right cannabis product can be overwhelming, especially for those new to the world of cannabis. With so many different strains, products, and consumption methods, it can be difficult to know where to start. However, with a little knowledge and understanding of your own needs, you can make an informed decision.
Firstly, consider the reason for using cannabis. Are you using it for medicinal purposes or recreational use? Are you looking for relief from pain, anxiety, or insomnia? Understanding your specific needs can help you choose the right product.
Secondly, consider the type of product you prefer. Do you prefer smoking, vaping, or consuming edibles? Each consumption method has its own benefits and drawbacks, and you should choose the one that works best for you.
Next, consider the cannabinoid, terpene, and flavonoid profiles of the product. Different strains and products have different combinations of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids which can affect the overall experience and therapeutic benefits. For example, if you are looking for pain relief, a product with a higher concentration of CBD may be more effective.
It is also important to consider the potency and dosage of the product. Start with a low dose and gradually increase until you find the right level for your needs. Remember that the effects of cannabis can vary depending on your tolerance and body chemistry.
Lastly, consider the quality and safety of the product. Choose products from reputable sources that have been lab tested and are free from harmful contaminants.
Choosing the right cannabis product involves considering your specific needs, consumption method, cannabinoid, terpene, and flavonoid profile, potency and dosage, and quality and safety of the product. With a little research and experimentation, you can find the right product to meet your needs.
The Future of Cannabis: Potential Medical and Therapeutic Uses
The future of cannabis is incredibly exciting, as researchers and medical professionals continue to uncover the potential medical and therapeutic uses of this incredible plant.
While cannabis has been used for its medicinal properties for thousands of years, its status as a Schedule 1 drug in many countries has limited the ability of researchers to fully explore its therapeutic potential. However, recent developments have shown that there is much more to this plant than previously thought.
One of the most promising areas of research involves the use of cannabis to treat chronic pain. Studies have shown that cannabis can be effective in reducing pain associated with conditions such as multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and cancer. In addition, cannabis has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which may further enhance its pain-relieving effects.
Another area of research involves the use of cannabis to treat mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind these effects, early studies have shown promising results. For example, a recent study found that a single dose of cannabis reduced symptoms of depression in participants for up to one week.
In addition to its potential as a treatment for specific medical conditions, cannabis may also have broader therapeutic benefits. For example, some studies have suggested that cannabis may be effective in reducing symptoms of insomnia, improving appetite in patients with eating disorders, and even slowing the progression of certain types of cancer.
As research continues to uncover the potential medical and therapeutic uses of cannabis, it is likely that we will see more and more products being developed to meet the needs of patients. From oils and tinctures to edibles and topicals, there is already a wide range of products available that cater to different needs and preferences.
In the future, we may see even more targeted products being developed that are tailored to specific medical conditions or symptoms.
The future of cannabis looks incredibly bright. As our understanding of the plant and its effects on the body and mind continue to grow, we can expect to see more and more exciting developments in the field of medical and therapeutic cannabis.
Whether you are a patient seeking relief from a specific condition or simply looking to incorporate cannabis into your wellness routine, there has never been a better time to explore the potential benefits of this incredible plant.
More to Cannabis Than Meets the Eye
There is more to cannabis than just THC and CBD. Each component of the cannabis plant contributes to its overall therapeutic effects. From the lesser-known cannabinoids and terpenes to the colorful flavonoids and the potential benefits of non-intoxicating compounds, cannabis offers a wealth of possibilities for treating various ailments and promoting overall wellness.
Despite ongoing research, the science behind cannabis remains a complex and multifaceted subject. However, as more studies emerge, the potential for cannabis as a legitimate medical treatment is becoming increasingly clear. With careful consideration and guidance from healthcare professionals, cannabis can be a valuable tool in managing pain, anxiety, depression, and a host of other conditions.
As legalization efforts continue to gain momentum, the future of cannabis is looking brighter than ever. With increased access to quality products and a growing understanding of their potential benefits, the cannabis industry is poised for continued growth and innovation. From medical breakthroughs to new and exciting product developments, the possibilities are endless.
Ultimately, cannabis offers a unique and multifaceted approach to wellness that deserves further exploration. By taking a holistic approach to cannabis use and utilizing the entourage effect of its various components, individuals can benefit from its therapeutic effects in a safe and effective manner. As with any medical treatment, it is important to approach cannabis use with caution and careful consideration, but for those who do, the rewards can be life-changing.
The Most Well-Known Components of Cannabis Sativa:
Cannabinoids:
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – the psychoactive compound responsible for the “high” associated with cannabis use.
- Cannabidiol (CBD) – a non-psychoactive compound that has been found to have potential medicinal benefits.
- Cannabinol (CBN) – a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid that is formed when THC is exposed to oxygen and light or has been stored for a while.
- Cannabigerol (CBG) – a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that is thought to have anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.
- Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) – a psychoactive cannabinoid that is found in small amounts in some strains of cannabis.
Terpenes:
- Myrcene: Aroma – earthy, musky, and herbal. Effects – sedative, relaxing, and anti-inflammatory.
- Limonene: Aroma – citrusy, lemony, and fruity. Effects – mood enhancer, anti-anxiety, and anti-depressant.
- Pinene: Aroma – piney, resinous, and fresh. Effects – alertness, memory retention, and anti-inflammatory.
- Beta-Caryophyllene: Aroma – spicy, peppery, and woody. Effects – pain relief, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anxiety.
- Linalool: Aroma – floral, lavender-like, and spicy. Effects – relaxing, sedative, and anti-anxiety.
- Humulene: Aroma – earthy, woody, and spicy. Effects – anti-inflammatory, appetite suppressant, and analgesic.
- Terpinolene: Aroma – herbal, piney, and floral. Effects – sedative, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer.
- Borneol: Aroma – camphor-like, minty, and herbal. Effects – anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-bacterial.
- Delta-3-Carene: Aroma – earthy, piney, and sweet. Effects – memory retention, anti-inflammatory, and antihistamine.
- Eucalyptol: Aroma – minty, spicy, and cooling. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and pain relief.
- Interpol: Aroma – floral, sweet, and piney. Effects – relaxing, sedative, and anti-bacterial.
Flavonoids:
- Cannflavin A: a flavonoid that has been found to have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.
- Cannflavin B: another flavonoid that has been found to have anti-inflammatory properties.
- Quercetin: a flavonoid that is also found in many fruits and vegetables and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Kaempferol: a flavonoid that is also found in tea, broccoli, and grapefruit and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Apigenin: a flavonoid that is also found in parsley, chamomile, and other plants and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Some Lesser-Known Components of Cannabis Sativa:
Cannabinoids:
- Cannabichromene (CBC): a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that is found in small amounts in some strains of cannabis. CBC is believed to have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties.
- Cannabichromevarin (CBCV): a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that is structurally similar to CBC. CBCV is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal effects.
- Cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA): a minor cannabinoid that is a precursor to CBCV. CBCVA is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory effects.
- Cannabichromenic acid (CBCA): is a cannabinoid acid that is a precursor to cannabichromene and is a conjugate acid of a cannabichromenate. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties and may have potential antibacterial effects.
- Cannabicitran (CBT): a minor non-intoxicating cannabinoid that has been found in some strains of cannabis. CBT is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects.
- Cannabicitran acid (CBTA): a minor non-intoxicating cannabinoid that is a precursor to CBT. CBTA is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects.
- Cannabicyclol (CBL): a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that is formed from the degradation of CBC. CBL is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
- Cannabicyclol dimethyl ether (CBLDM): believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
- Cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA): a minor cannabinoid that is a precursor to CBL. CBLA is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory effects.
- Cannabidibutol (CDBU): a minor cannabinoid that is an impurity of commercial cannabidiol and is structurally similar to CBD.
- Cannabidiol monomethyl ether (CBDM): a minor cannabinoid that has been found in some strains of cannabis. CBDM is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects.
- Cannabidivarin (CBDV): a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that is structurally similar to CBD. CBDV is believed to have potential anti-convulsant and anti-nausea effects.
- Cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA): a minor cannabinoid that is a precursor to CBDV. CBDVA is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory effects.
- Cannabielsoic acid A (CBIEA): a minor cannabinoid that is a precursor to CBE. CBIEA is believed to have potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects.
- Cannabielsoic acid B (CBIEA-B): believed to have potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects.
- Cannabielsoin (CBE): a minor cannabinoid that is formed when CBD is exposed to UV light. CBE is believed to have potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects.
- Cannabielsoin (CBE): believed to have potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects.
- Cannabifuran (CBF): a minor cannabinoid that has been found in some strains of cannabis. CBF is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.
- Cannabigerol monomethyl ether (CBGM): believed to have potential antifungal and antibacterial effects.
- Cannabigerolic acid (CBGA): believed to be a precursor to other cannabinoids and may have potential anti-inflammatory effects.
- Cannabigerovarin (CBGV): a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that is structurally similar to CBG. CBGV is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.
- Cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA): believed to be a precursor to Cannabigerovarin and may have potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
- Cannabimovone (CBIM): a minor cannabinoid that is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
- Cannabiorcanol (CBO): a minor cannabinoid
- Cannabiorcol (CBOC): a minor cannabinoid that is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.
- Cannabiripsol (CBR): believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
- Cannabitriol (CBT): a minor cannabinoid that has been found in some strains of cannabis. CBT is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects.
- Cannabitriolvarin (CBTV): believed to have potential antifungal and antibacterial effects.
- Delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8-THC): a psychoactive cannabinoid that is structurally similar to Delta-9-THC, but it is less potent. Delta-8-THC has recently gained attention for its potential therapeutic benefits, including its anti-nausea and appetite-stimulating effects.
Terpenes:
- Phytol: Aroma – earthy, grassy, and herbal. Effects – antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective.
- Valencene: Aroma – citrusy, sweet, and fresh. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer.
- Fenchol: Aroma – floral, spicy, and woody. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor.
- Cedrene: Aroma – woody, piney, and balsamic. Effects – anti-inflammatory, sedative, and anti-bacterial.
- Camphene: Aroma – herbal, pungent, and musky. Effects – anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-bacterial.
- Bisabolene: Aroma – sweet, woody, and floral. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and analgesic.
- Sabinene: Aroma – spicy, herbal, and woody. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal.
- Guaiol: Aroma – woody, piney, and spicy. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-bacterial.
- Geranyl Acetate: Aroma – floral, fruity, and sweet. Effects – sedative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fungal.
- Caryophyllene Oxide: Aroma – spicy, woody, and peppery. Effects – anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-cancer.
- Isopulegol: Aroma – minty, herbal, and floral. Effects – calming, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial.
- Nerolidol: Aroma – floral, woody, and citrusy. Effects – sedative, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory.
- Phellandrene: Aroma – minty, herbal, and citrusy. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor.
- Selinene: Aroma – spicy, woody, and floral. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer.
- Camphor: Aroma – cool, minty, and pungent. Effects – anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-fungal.
- Geraniol: Aroma – floral, rose-like, and sweet. Effects – anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer.
- Delta-Terpineol: Aroma – floral, lilac-like, and citrusy. Effects – sedative, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory.
- Caryophyllene Oxide: Aroma – spicy, woody, and peppery. Effects – anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-cancer.
Flavonoids:
- Orientin: has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Vitexin: has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Isovitexin: has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Luteolin: has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Rutin: has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Hesperitin: has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Catechin: has antioxidant and neuroprotective properties.
- Cannabitriol: has been found to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties.
- Cannflavin C: has been found to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
Referrences:
1) Ferber SG, Namdar D, Hen-Shoval D, Eger G, Koltai H, Shoval G, Shbiro L, Weller A. The “Entourage Effect”: Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(2):87-96. doi: 10.2174/1570159X17666190903103923. PMID: 31481004; PMCID: PMC7324885. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7324885/
2) Entourage effect. (2023, March 2). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entourage_effect. Sourced April 29, 2023
3) Russo, E. B. (2019). The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No “Strain,” No Gain. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01969#:~:text=In%201998,cannabinoids
4) Russo EB. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;163(7):1344-64. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.2011.01238.x
5) Dr Lyndsey Anderson. Associate Professor Jonathon Arnold. ‘An entourage effect’: new clues on how low-dose CBD products work. 22 July 2021. The University of Sydney. News. https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2021/07/22/entourage-effect-clues-how-low-dose-cannabinoid-cbd-products-work.html Sourced on April 29, 2023
6) Ratliff, S. (2020). The Science Behind the Entourage Effect. Research & Science. https://www.cannabistech.com/articles/what-is-the-entourage-effect-in-cannabis/ Sourced on April 29, 2023